IMPACT OF POLICY UNCERTAINTY ON TRADE AND WELFARE EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN AND CHINA

Authors

  • Sajida Zareen PhD Scholar, Department of Economics,University of Peshawar, Pakistan
  • Amjid Amin Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55733/jpcs.v3i1.44

Abstract

The impact of policy uncertainty on exports and imports (trade) between Pakistan and China is estimated in this study and the impact of trade on economic welfare is analyzed. Secondary data from 1972 to 2018 is taken from WDI. Pooled OLS is applied to achieve the study objectives. The impact of change in Policy Uncertainty (PU) between Pakistan and China is negative and significant. It is concluded that when policy uncertainty increases exports and imports (trade) between Pakistan and the China decreases because the trading partner of the home country feels insecure about their exported and imported products which affects the exports and imports (trade) negatively. ARMA Likelihood model is applied to check the impact of trade on economic welfare of the country. Results show that the impact is positive and significant. It is recommended that exports to Pakistan will increase if policy uncertainty is removed. Reducing tariff policy uncertainty will increase the competitiveness of Pakistan and China due to which the quality of production will be increased and Trade will improve.

References

Anderson, R. E. (2008). Implications of the information and knowledge society for education. In International handbook of information technology in primary and secondary education (pp. 5-22). Springer, Boston, MA.

Asghar, N., and Hussain, Z. (2014). Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in developing countries: Recent evidence from panel data. Pakistan Economic and Social Review, 53(2), 99-126.

Basu, A. K. (2013). Impact of rural employment guarantee schemes on seasonal labor markets: optimum compensation and workers’ welfare. The Journal of Economic Inequality, 11(1), 1-34.

Bigman, D., & Leite, S. P. (1978). Welfare and Trade Effects of Exchange Rate Uncertainty. Southern Economic Journal, 534-542.

Caliendo, L., and Parro, F. (2015).Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA. The Review of Economic Studies, 82(1), 1-44.

Chipman, J. S. (2012). General Equilibrium and Welfare in International Trade. OEconomia. History, Methodology, Philosophy, (2-1), 15-33.

Choudhri, E., Marasco, A., andNabi, I. (2017).Pakistan’s international trade. Pakistan Development Review, 56 (4), 1-49.

Coeli, F. (2018). Trade policy uncertainty and innovation: Evidence from China. Journal of International Economics, 114, 1-46.

Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., & Martin, M. J. (2010). Socioeconomic status, family processes, and individual development. Journal of marriage and family, 72(3), 685-704.

Constantinescu, C., Mattoo, A., & Ruta, M. (2019). Policy uncertainty, trade, and global value chains: some facts, many questions. The World Bank. 1-25

Dakhli, M., & De Clercq, D. (2004). Human capital, social capital, and innovation: a multi-country study. Entrepreneurship & regional development, 16(2), 107-128.

Dash, K. C. (1996). The political economy of regional cooperation in South Asia. Pacific Affairs, 185-209.

Dent, C. M. (2010). Free trade agreements in the Asia-Pacific a decade on: evaluating the past, looking to the future. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 10(2), 201-245.

Dosi, G., Freeman, C., & Fabiani, S. (1994). The process of economic development: introducing some stylized facts and theories on technologies, firms and institutions. Industrial and corporate change, 3(1), 1-45.

Duan, C. (2019). Trade policy uncertainty.1-49

Feng, L., Li, Z., and Swenson, D. L. (2017). Trade policy uncertainty and exports: Evidence from China's WTO accession. Journal of International Economics, 106, 20-36.

Gul, N. (2011). The Trade Potential of Pakistan: An Application of the Gravity Model NaziaGul and Hafiz M. Yasin.

Lahore Journal of Economics, 16(1), 23-62.

Hamid, N., and Hayat, S. (2012). The opportunities and pitfalls of Pakistan’s Trade with China and Other Neighbors.The Lahore Journal of Economics ,17, 272-291.

Handley, K., & Limao, N. (2015). Trade and investment under policy uncertainty: theory and firm evidence. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 7(4), 189-222.

Handley, K., and Limao, N. (2013). Policy Uncertainty, Trade and Welfare: Theory and Evidence for China and the US (No. w19376), National Bureau of Economic Research, 1-92.

Heise, S., Pierce, J. R., Schaur, G., & Schott, P. K. (2017). Trade Policy Uncertainty and the Structure of Supply Chains. Technical Report, Working Paper.pp 1-27

Kali, R., Méndez, F., & Reyes, J. (2007). Trade structure and economic growth. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 16(2), 245-269.

Khan, M. A., Qayyum, A., & Ghani, E. (2006). Trade liberalisation, financial sector reforms, and growth [with Comments]. The Pakistan Development Review, 711-731

Matsuyama, K. (2000). A ricardian model with a continuum of goods under nonhomothetic preferences: Demand complementarities, income distribution, and north-south trade. Journal of political Economy, 108(6), 1093-1120.

McKay, A., Milner, C., & Morrissey, O. (2000). The trade and welfare effects of a regional economic partnership agreement (No. 00/8). CREDIT Research Paper. Pp 1-36

Medar, M., Oun, K., and Looring, M. (2011, September). Economic growth versus development of social welfare structures in Europe. Journal of Community Medical and Health Education, 1(112), 1-7.

Medar, M., Oun, K., and Looring, M. (2011, September). Economic growth versus development of social welfare structures in Europe. Journal of Community Medical and Health Education, 1(112), 1-7.

Osnago, A., Piermartini, R., and Rocha, N. (2018). The Heterogeneous Effects of Trade Policy Uncertainty: How Much Do Trade Commitments Boost Trade? The World Bank.1-19 Sen, P. (1998). Terms of Trade and Welfare for a Developing Economy with an Imperfectly Competitive Sector. Review of Development Economics, 2(1), 87-93. Tang, T. L. P., & Chiu, R. K. (2003). Income, money ethic, pay satisfaction, commitment, and unethical behavior: Is the love of money the root of evil for Hong Kong employees?. Journal of business ethics, 46(1), 13-30. ul Hassan, M. (2003). Capacity-building for sustained promotion and dissemination of biogas technology (BT). Capacity Building for Science and Technology, 76. Wacziarg, R. T., Spolaore, E., & Alesina, A. F. (2003).

Trade, growth and the size of countries.pp1509-1542 Zafar, A. (2007). The growing relationship between China and Sub-Saharan Africa: Macroeconomic, trade, investment, and aid links. The World Bank Research Observer, 22(1), 103-130.

Additional Files

Published

01-12-2022

How to Cite

Zareen, S., & Amin, A. (2022). IMPACT OF POLICY UNCERTAINTY ON TRADE AND WELFARE EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN AND CHINA. Journal of Pakistan-China Studies (JPCS), 3(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.55733/jpcs.v3i1.44

Issue

Section

Articles